Mindfulness techniques are associated with reduced pain in patients with MS in clinical trials. The first-line treatments for pain in the MS population include antidepressants (SNRIs and TCAs, but not MOAs), and antiepileptics (gabapentin and pregabalin, but not clonazepam). In addition to mindfulness, other effective psychological interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis. Although transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation are used to manage MS-related pain, electrical stimulation near the site of limb pain is not. Additional nonpharmacologic treatment options include reflexology and massage.

References:
Hadoush H et al. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022;50:347-365.